Preventing Ageing Unequally
von: OECD (Ed.)
OECD Paris, 2017
ISBN: 9789264279087
Sprache: Englisch
258 Seiten, Download: 6932 KB
Format: PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
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| Foreword | 5 | ||
| Acknowledgements | 7 | ||
| Table of contents | 9 | ||
| Acronyms and conventional signs | 15 | ||
| Executive summary | 17 | ||
| Key findings | 17 | ||
| Key recommendations | 19 | ||
| Chapter 1. Preventing ageing unequally | 21 | ||
| 1. Preventing ageing unequally – Why policy makers should care | 22 | ||
| 2. How disadvantage becomes entrenched: Compounding inequalities over the life course | 31 | ||
| 3. When I was your age: How employment and income patterns are changing across generations | 36 | ||
| 4. Equal in old age? Income, living standards and well-being in retirement | 40 | ||
| 5. Policy implications: Preventing, mitigating, coping | 49 | ||
| Notes | 66 | ||
| References | 69 | ||
| Database references | 73 | ||
| Chapter 2. How inequality compounds over the life course | 75 | ||
| Introduction | 76 | ||
| 1. The critical influence of early-life circumstances | 77 | ||
| 2. How health status and labour market outcomes interact | 78 | ||
| 3. Trends and social disparities in disability among people aged 50 and over | 85 | ||
| 4. Compounding inequalities in socio-economic status and health in emerging economies | 94 | ||
| Notes | 101 | ||
| References | 104 | ||
| Database references | 108 | ||
| Annex 2.A1. Additional tables | 109 | ||
| Chapter 3. Recent trends toward increased inequality among future retirees | 113 | ||
| Introduction | 114 | ||
| 1. Older people have enjoyed big rises in real income compared with previous cohorts | 117 | ||
| 2. Gender gaps have narrowed but are still wide | 125 | ||
| 3. There is a rising risk of more unequal ageing | 128 | ||
| Notes | 134 | ||
| References | 135 | ||
| Chapter 4. Life course inequality across generations | 137 | ||
| Introduction | 138 | ||
| 1. Gains and differences in life expectancy | 139 | ||
| 2. Lifetime earnings by cohort, gender and education | 149 | ||
| 3. Impact of lifetime inequality on pensions | 158 | ||
| 4. Policy foresight to address unequal ageing | 165 | ||
| Notes | 171 | ||
| References | 174 | ||
| Database references | 176 | ||
| Annex 4.A1. Calculating multi-dimensional living standards | 177 | ||
| Chapter 5. A closer look at the over-50s | 179 | ||
| Introduction | 180 | ||
| 1. Education-related employment gaps among the elderly | 180 | ||
| 2. Digital technologies drive age inequalities at work | 183 | ||
| 3. Inclusive labour markets for older workers | 188 | ||
| 4. Health-related ability to work at older ages | 196 | ||
| 5. Barriers to longer working lives and the retirement decision | 203 | ||
| 6. Retirement income adequacy issues | 206 | ||
| Notes | 213 | ||
| References | 216 | ||
| Chapter 6. Living conditions in later life | 219 | ||
| Introduction | 220 | ||
| 1. Spatial inequalities in ageing populations | 221 | ||
| 2. Living conditions and well-being among the over-80s | 231 | ||
| 3. Long-term care | 240 | ||
| Notes | 251 | ||
| References | 253 |