Handbook of the Psychology of Aging
von: K Warner Schaie, Sherry Willis
Elsevier Reference Monographs, 2015
ISBN: 9780124115231
Sprache: Englisch
551 Seiten, Download: 8193 KB
Format: EPUB, PDF, auch als Online-Lesen
Front Cover | 1 | ||
Handbook of the Psychology of Aging | 4 | ||
Copyright Page | 5 | ||
Contents | 6 | ||
Foreword | 12 | ||
Preface | 14 | ||
About the Editors | 20 | ||
List of Contributors | 22 | ||
I. Concepts, Theory, Methods | 26 | ||
1 Theoretical Perspectives for the Psychology of Aging in a Lifespan Context | 28 | ||
Introduction | 28 | ||
The Role of Pathology in Normal Aging | 29 | ||
Assumption of Universal Decline | 29 | ||
Successful, Normal and Pathological Aging | 30 | ||
Lifespan Theories of Psychological Aging | 31 | ||
Erikson’s Stage Model | 31 | ||
Schaie and Willis’ Stage Theory of Cognition | 32 | ||
The Co-Constructive Perspective | 34 | ||
Summary and Outlook | 35 | ||
References | 35 | ||
2 Methodological Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging | 40 | ||
Introduction | 41 | ||
Research Designs and Sampling Considerations for the Study of Adult Development and Aging | 41 | ||
Cross-Sectional Versus Longitudinal Designs | 41 | ||
Age Differences Versus Change | 42 | ||
Relative Advantages Versus Disadvantages | 42 | ||
Which Design Is Best Suited for the Study of Aging? | 42 | ||
Summary | 44 | ||
Longitudinal Designs: Select Subtypes | 44 | ||
Intensive Measurement Burst Design | 45 | ||
Key Threats to the Validity of Longitudinal Designs | 46 | ||
Attrition | 46 | ||
Retest Effects | 46 | ||
Assessing the Impact of Repeated Practice on Trajectories of Age-Related Change | 47 | ||
Missingness: Causes, Consequences, and Potential Solutions | 48 | ||
Classifications of Missingness | 48 | ||
Approaches for Dealing with Missing Data: A Brief Overview | 49 | ||
Planned Missingness | 51 | ||
Section Summary: Key Methodological Considerations for Incomplete Data | 51 | ||
Modeling Change in Studies of Aging | 52 | ||
Select Statistical Models for Change | 52 | ||
Multilevel and Latent Growth Curve Approaches for Continuous Outcomes | 52 | ||
Generalized Linear Mixed and Survival Models for Categorical Outcomes | 53 | ||
Correlated and Coupled Change | 54 | ||
Developmental Parameterizations of Time | 54 | ||
Is Chronological Age the Only Metric? | 55 | ||
Alternative Parameterizations of Time | 55 | ||
Emerging Methodological Trends for the Study of Aging | 57 | ||
Select Approaches to Integrated Data Analysis | 57 | ||
Meta-Analysis | 57 | ||
Mega-Analysis | 57 | ||
Data Harmonization | 58 | ||
Coordinated Analysis with Replication | 58 | ||
An Intraindividual Variability Approach | 59 | ||
Beyond the First Order Moment | 59 | ||
RT Inconsistency Across Response Latency Trials | 59 | ||
Conclusions | 61 | ||
Acknowledgments | 61 | ||
References | 61 | ||
3 Society and the Individual at the Dawn of the Twenty-First Century | 66 | ||
Introduction | 67 | ||
A Comment on Lifespan Psychology | 68 | ||
Health and Health Care | 69 | ||
Policies and Practices | 71 | ||
Education | 73 | ||
Policies and Practices | 74 | ||
Work and Retirement | 75 | ||
Policies and Practices | 77 | ||
Family Life | 78 | ||
Policies and Practices | 81 | ||
Summary and Conclusions | 83 | ||
References | 83 | ||
II. Bio-psychosocial Factors in Aging | 88 | ||
4 Sex Hormones and Cognitive Aging | 90 | ||
Introduction | 91 | ||
Effects of Estrogen and Testosterone in Young Adults | 91 | ||
Variation in Cognition across the Menstrual Cycle | 91 | ||
Menstrual Cycle Fluctuations in Neural Activity | 92 | ||
Variation in Affect across the Menstrual Cycle | 93 | ||
Effects of Menopause and Hormone Levels on Cognition in Older Women | 93 | ||
Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Observational Studies | 94 | ||
Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Effects of Surgical Menopause and Intervention in Younger and Older Women | 95 | ||
Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Women—Intervention Studies in Older Postmenopausal Women | 96 | ||
Results from the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Study (WHIMS) and the Women’s Health Initiative Study of Cognitive Aging ... | 97 | ||
Testosterone and Progesterone | 99 | ||
Estrogens and Menopausal HT in Older Women—Associations with Brain Structure and Function | 100 | ||
Testosterone and Cognitive Aging in Men | 102 | ||
Observational Studies of Circulating Levels of Testosterone and Cognitive Function | 102 | ||
Intervention Studies of Testosterone Supplementation | 102 | ||
Conclusions and Areas for Future Research | 104 | ||
References | 105 | ||
5 The Aging Mind in Transition: Amyloid Deposition and Progression toward Alzheimer’s Disease | 112 | ||
Introduction | 113 | ||
Amyloid Imaging | 114 | ||
Models of Cognitive Transitions | 115 | ||
Scaffolding Theory of Aging and Cognition | 115 | ||
A Model of Preclinical AD | 117 | ||
What is the Relationship between Amyloid Deposition and Neurodegeneration? | 118 | ||
Neuronal Dysfunction | 118 | ||
Neuronal Loss | 119 | ||
Does Amyloid Deposition Invariably Lead to Cognitive Decline? | 120 | ||
Amyloid and Episodic Memory | 120 | ||
Impact of Amyloid on Other Cognitive Domains | 120 | ||
Amyloid, Neurodegeneration, and Cognitive Decline | 121 | ||
Modifiers of Transition to AD: Enrichment and Depletion Factors | 121 | ||
Depletion Factors | 122 | ||
Enrichment Factors | 123 | ||
Conclusion and New Directions | 123 | ||
Acknowledgment | 124 | ||
References | 124 | ||
6 Research on Human Plasticity in Adulthood: A Lifespan Agenda | 130 | ||
Plasticity and Stability in Lifespan Development | 131 | ||
The Supply–Demand Mismatch Model of Plasticity | 131 | ||
Proposition #1: Plasticity Decreases from Childhood to Old Age | 133 | ||
Proposition #2: Flexibility Increases from Childhood to Middle Adulthood, and Declines Thereafter | 137 | ||
Proposition #3: Relative to Childhood, Plasticity in Adulthood and Old Age is More Often Associated with Maintenance, and L ... | 138 | ||
Plasticity and Flexibility in Relation to Gf–Gc Theory | 140 | ||
Open Questions and Future Research Directions | 141 | ||
Investigating Age Differences in the Sequential Progression of Plasticity | 141 | ||
Scrutinizing “Ribot’s Law” and the “Dark Side of Plasticity” | 142 | ||
Towards a Molecular Understanding of Plasticity Dynamics in Human Adults | 143 | ||
Acknowledgments | 144 | ||
References | 144 | ||
7 Cognitive and Physical Aging: Genetic Influences and Gene–Environment Interplay | 150 | ||
Introduction | 150 | ||
Cognitive Function | 151 | ||
General Cognitive Ability | 151 | ||
Specific Cognitive Abilities | 152 | ||
Environmental Influences | 152 | ||
Physical Function | 153 | ||
Physiological Functioning | 153 | ||
Behavioral Physical Functioning | 154 | ||
Cross-Domain Investigations | 155 | ||
Interrelationships Between Cognitive and Physical Aging | 155 | ||
Brain Structures | 156 | ||
Specific Genes Important to Cognitive and Physical Aging | 156 | ||
Cognitive Aging | 157 | ||
Physical Aging | 158 | ||
Gene Pathways Underlying Cognition-Physical Functioning Dynamics | 159 | ||
Genetic Influences on Environmental Sensitivity | 160 | ||
Biomarkers of GE Interplay | 161 | ||
Telomere Length | 162 | ||
Summary and Future Directions | 163 | ||
References | 164 | ||
8 Memory: Behavior and Neural Basis | 172 | ||
What Is Memory, and What Is Aging? | 172 | ||
Brain Aging and Memory: A Complex and Dynamic Relationship | 173 | ||
Control and Association: Major Influences on Age Differences in Memory | 174 | ||
The Controlled Processing Paradox: Important and Impaired | 174 | ||
Associational Memory May Be Especially Impaired in Aging | 177 | ||
Default Network Dysregulation | 178 | ||
Modifying Factors: Qualitative and Quantitative Effects | 179 | ||
Interventions: Hope for Improvement? | 180 | ||
Summary and Conclusions | 183 | ||
References | 184 | ||
9 Audition and Language Comprehension in Adult Aging: Stability in the Face of Change | 190 | ||
Introduction | 191 | ||
Challenges for Speech Comprehension | 191 | ||
Age-Related Hearing Loss | 192 | ||
Audition: Some Preliminaries | 192 | ||
Types of Hearing Loss | 193 | ||
Conductive Hearing Loss | 193 | ||
Sensorineural Hearing Loss | 193 | ||
Central Processing Deficits | 194 | ||
Variability in Age-Related Hearing Loss | 194 | ||
Speech in Noise: A Hallmark of Aging Hearing | 195 | ||
Separating Speech from Noise | 195 | ||
Informational Masking | 195 | ||
Compensation Through Linguistic Knowledge | 196 | ||
Effects of Age and Hearing Acuity on Word Recognition | 196 | ||
Effects of Contextual Facilitation | 197 | ||
Expectation and Entropy in Word Recognition | 198 | ||
Comprehension and Recall at the Sentence Level | 200 | ||
Compensatory Support from Speech Prosody | 204 | ||
Support from Other Sensory Cues | 204 | ||
Downstream Effects of Perceptual Effort | 204 | ||
Broader Issues of Age-Related Hearing Loss | 205 | ||
Conclusions | 206 | ||
References | 207 | ||
10 Exercise, Cognition, and Health | 212 | ||
Introduction | 212 | ||
Definitions | 213 | ||
Epidemiological Studies | 214 | ||
Physical Activity and Fitness Associations with Cognition | 215 | ||
Randomized Trials of Aerobic Exercise on Cognition | 215 | ||
Resistance Training on Cognition | 216 | ||
Effects of Exercise on Impaired Populations | 217 | ||
Cross-Sectional Associations Between Physical Activity and Gray Matter Volume | 217 | ||
Randomized Trials of Exercise on Gray Matter Volume | 218 | ||
Associations Between Physical Activity, Fitness, and White Matter Integrity | 218 | ||
Aerobic Exercise Effects on Functional MRI Patterns | 219 | ||
Effects of Resistance Training on Cerebral Blood Flow and fMRI Patterns | 219 | ||
Mediators and Moderators | 220 | ||
Other Health Factors Related to Cognition | 221 | ||
Conclusion | 221 | ||
References | 222 | ||
III. Behavioral Processes | 228 | ||
11 Personality and Health: Reviewing Recent Research and Setting a Directive for the Future | 230 | ||
Personality Traits: Definitions and Classifications | 231 | ||
Dispositions and Health: A Brief History of Models in the Field | 232 | ||
Personality Traits and Physiological Markers of Aging | 233 | ||
Inflammatory Markers and Personality Traits | 233 | ||
Cardiovascular Indicators and Personality Traits | 234 | ||
Personality and Health across Adulthood: Moderators, Moderated Mediators, and More | 235 | ||
Age as a Moderator of Personality Traits and Health | 235 | ||
Age as a Moderator of the Linkages Between Personality Traits and Health | 236 | ||
The Full Role of Age on the Linkages Between Personality and Health | 237 | ||
Healthy Living as a Catalyst for Personality Development | 237 | ||
Subjective Wellbeing and Adult Personality Change | 238 | ||
Healthy Behaviors as Predictors of Personality Change | 238 | ||
Major Illness as a Predictor of Personality Change | 238 | ||
Current and Future Directions | 239 | ||
References | 241 | ||
12 Cognitive Training in Later Adulthood | 244 | ||
Introduction | 245 | ||
Theoretical Perspectives and Assumptions on Training | 245 | ||
Magnification Perspective | 245 | ||
Compensatory Perspective | 246 | ||
Cognitive Training: Behavioral Interventions and Behavioral Outcomes | 246 | ||
Strategy Training | 246 | ||
Episodic Memory | 246 | ||
Inductive Reasoning | 248 | ||
Component-Specific and Variable Priority Training | 249 | ||
Variable Priority Training: Attention | 250 | ||
Speed of Processing | 250 | ||
Whole Task Practice Training | 251 | ||
N-Back (Working Memory) Training | 252 | ||
WM as a Multidimensional Construct: Implications for Training | 252 | ||
Training Involving Multiple WM Subprocesses or Tasks | 253 | ||
Multi-Domain Training | 253 | ||
Multi-Domain: Combined Strategy and Component Training | 253 | ||
MEMO | 253 | ||
Activity Engagement Interventions | 254 | ||
Computer- and Mobile-Based Training and Gaming | 254 | ||
Computerized Training | 254 | ||
Computerized-Cognitive Training | 254 | ||
Casual Gaming Interventions | 255 | ||
Association of Cognitive Abilities and Casual Video Games | 255 | ||
Challenge of Classifying Games by Cognitive Domain | 255 | ||
Association Between Cognitive Abilities and Game Groups | 256 | ||
MCI Training | 256 | ||
Cognitive Training: Neural Mechanisms and Outcomes | 258 | ||
Brain Imaging as a Surrogate Biomarker | 258 | ||
Brain Imaging to Identify Structural Plasticity | 259 | ||
Effects on Training for Brain Activation | 259 | ||
Models of Training-Induced Brain Changes | 260 | ||
Neuroimaging as a Predictor of Training Response | 262 | ||
References | 264 | ||
13 Executive Functions and Neurocognitive Aging | 270 | ||
Overview | 270 | ||
Measuring EFs | 271 | ||
Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging | 272 | ||
Inhibitory Deficit Theory (Hasher & Zacks) | 272 | ||
Goal Maintenance Deficit (Braver & West) | 273 | ||
Production Deficit Hypothesis | 273 | ||
Frontal Lobe Hypothesis of Cognitive Aging | 273 | ||
A Current Perspective on Executive Deficit Theories of Cognitive Aging | 274 | ||
Do EFs Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline? | 274 | ||
Cross-Sectional Evidence for Disproportionate EF Decline? | 275 | ||
Longitudinal Evidence for Earlier EF Decline? | 275 | ||
Do Brain Regions Linked to EF Show the Earliest and Disproportionate Decline? | 276 | ||
Aging and the Neural Substrates of EF | 276 | ||
Relative Degree and Onset of PFC Decline | 277 | ||
EFs and PFC Processes as Compensatory and Protective | 279 | ||
EFs, the Frontal Lobes, and Lifelong aging | 281 | ||
References | 282 | ||
14 Social Interrelations in Aging: The Sample Case of Married Couples | 288 | ||
Introduction | 288 | ||
Overview of Existing Research and New Trends | 289 | ||
Well-Being | 290 | ||
Health | 292 | ||
Cognition | 293 | ||
Towards Addressing Methodological Challenges | 294 | ||
Psychological Processes are Embedded in Macro-Level Contexts | 295 | ||
Future Directions and Challenges | 296 | ||
Capturing Processes that Occur on Different Timescales | 296 | ||
Integrating Between-Couple and Within-Couple Perspectives | 297 | ||
Applied Significance | 298 | ||
Social Interrelations Beyond Marital Dyads | 299 | ||
Conclusion | 299 | ||
Acknowledgments | 299 | ||
References | 299 | ||
15 Age Differences in the Connection of Mood and Cognition: Evidence from Studies of Mood Congruent Effects | 304 | ||
Introduction | 305 | ||
Definition and Theories of Mood-congruent Cognition | 305 | ||
Emotion Theory and Mood Congruence in Young Adulthood: Associationist and Schema Models | 305 | ||
Emotion Theory and Aging: The Positivity Effect and Its Limits: SST and SAVI | 307 | ||
Conceptual and Methodological Issues in the Study of Mood-congruent Cognition | 307 | ||
Effects of Personality Factors on Emotion and Cognition Interaction | 309 | ||
Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Adulthood | 310 | ||
Mood-congruence Effects in Depression: Memory and Attentional Bias | 310 | ||
Mood Congruence Effects in Anxiety: Memory and Attentional Biases | 312 | ||
Mood-congruent Effects on Cognition: Older Adult Populations | 314 | ||
Depressed Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults | 314 | ||
Mood-congruent Attention in Sad and Depressed Mood | 317 | ||
Anxious Mood and Congruent Cognition in Older Adults | 318 | ||
Implications for Theory and Research on Age Differences in the Mood–Cognition Linkage | 320 | ||
Implications for Psychological Interventions with Older Adults | 321 | ||
References | 323 | ||
16 Psychological Vitality in the Oldest Old | 328 | ||
Introduction | 328 | ||
Scope of the Chapter | 329 | ||
Who are the Contemporary Oldest Old? | 329 | ||
Research Issues | 330 | ||
Domains of Psychological Vitality | 331 | ||
Cognition | 331 | ||
Level Versus Change in Cognition and Survival | 331 | ||
Heterogeneity of Cognitive Functioning in the Oldest Old | 332 | ||
Personality Traits | 333 | ||
Trait Predictors of Survival | 333 | ||
Personality Profiles of the Oldest Old | 334 | ||
Personality Change after Age 80 | 334 | ||
Self-Related Beliefs and Self-Regulation | 335 | ||
Self-Related Predictors of Survival | 335 | ||
Characteristics of the Self-Related Beliefs of the Oldest-Old | 336 | ||
Change in Self-Related Beliefs after Age 80 | 336 | ||
Social Connections | 337 | ||
Social Connections of the Oldest Old | 338 | ||
Social Connection Predictors of Survival | 338 | ||
Subjective Well-Being | 339 | ||
Subjective Well-Being and the Prediction of Survival to Age 80 | 339 | ||
Level and Change in Subjective Well-Being after Age 80 | 340 | ||
Conclusions | 340 | ||
References | 341 | ||
IV. Complex Processes | 346 | ||
17 Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging | 348 | ||
Cross-Cultural Psychology of Aging | 348 | ||
A Theory: Aging in Culture | 349 | ||
Individuals Make Sense of Life Through Internalizing the Values of Their Cultures | 349 | ||
Age Differences in Personality | 351 | ||
Age Differences in Social Relationships | 353 | ||
Age-Related Cognition | 354 | ||
Other Approaches | 356 | ||
Using Aging as a Context to Test Cultural Differences | 356 | ||
Cross-Cultural Aging as Tests of Generalizability | 357 | ||
Summary, Caveats, and Conclusion | 358 | ||
Acknowledgments | 359 | ||
References | 359 | ||
18 Work, Retirement and Aging | 364 | ||
Aging in the Work Context | 365 | ||
Work and Cognitive Aging | 365 | ||
EOR for Aging Workers | 366 | ||
Aging in the Context of HRM | 368 | ||
Employee Benefits | 368 | ||
Knowledge Transfer Strategy | 369 | ||
Motivation and Performance Management | 370 | ||
Retention and Recruitment | 371 | ||
Aging and Work–Family Issues | 372 | ||
The Transition from Work to Retirement: The Temporal Process and Outcomes | 374 | ||
The Temporal Process Model of Retirement | 374 | ||
Outcomes of Retirement | 377 | ||
Conclusions and Future Directions | 379 | ||
References | 381 | ||
19 Financial Decision-Making and Capacity in Older Adults | 386 | ||
Introduction: What is Financial Capacity? Legal, Clinical and Ethical Perspectives | 387 | ||
The Financial Capacity Problem: Cognitive Aging and Disorders of Aging | 389 | ||
Clinical Warning Signs of Diminished Financial Capacity | 390 | ||
Challenges in Modeling Financial Capacity | 391 | ||
Clinical Model of Financial Capacity | 392 | ||
Approaches to Assessing Financial Capacity | 393 | ||
Assessing Premorbid Financial Capacity | 393 | ||
Self and Informant-Based Assessment | 395 | ||
Performance-Based Assessment | 395 | ||
Clinical Interview Assessment of Financial Capacity | 397 | ||
Empirical Studies of Financial Capacity | 397 | ||
Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild and Moderate AD | 397 | ||
Longitudinal Change in Financial Capacity in Patients with Mild AD | 398 | ||
Financial Capacity in Patients with MCI | 399 | ||
Neuropsychological Predictors of Financial Capacity | 400 | ||
Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity | 402 | ||
Neuroimaging Approaches to Studying Financial Capacity | 402 | ||
Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Capacity in aMCI and AD | 402 | ||
Neuroimaging Studies of Financial Decision Making in Cognitively Normal Older Adults | 403 | ||
Summary | 403 | ||
Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging | 404 | ||
Psychological and Psychiatric Contributions to Financial Capacity | 404 | ||
Relationship of Physical Dependence/Medical Frailty to Financial Capacity in Aging | 405 | ||
Cultural and Social Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging | 406 | ||
Resilience and Financial Capacity in Aging | 407 | ||
Future Research Directions | 408 | ||
Detecting Very Early Financial Declines in Cognitively Normal Elderly | 408 | ||
Study of Financial Capacity in Other Older Adult Clinical Populations | 408 | ||
Study of Non-Cognitive Contributions to Financial Capacity in Aging | 409 | ||
Evolution of Financial Capacity in a Technological Society | 409 | ||
References | 409 | ||
20 Technology, Gaming, and Social Networking | 414 | ||
Definition of Technology and ICT | 415 | ||
A Century of Development and Diffusion of Technology | 415 | ||
Home Computing and Gaming | 416 | ||
Technology Use and Age | 416 | ||
Theories and Models of Technology Adoption | 418 | ||
Rogers Diffusion of Innovation (Rogers, 1995) | 418 | ||
Technology Acceptance Model | 419 | ||
Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology | 419 | ||
Other Factors in Technology Acceptance and Use | 419 | ||
Older Adult Game Use and Game Preferences | 420 | ||
Gamer Demographics | 420 | ||
Game Preferences of Older Adults | 421 | ||
Benefits of Gaming | 421 | ||
Communication | 422 | ||
Social Networking as a Newly Emerging Communications Technology | 423 | ||
Benefits of SNS Use? | 423 | ||
Barriers to Technology Adoption by Seniors | 424 | ||
Financial Cost | 424 | ||
Cognitive Cost | 424 | ||
Beliefs | 426 | ||
Design Costs | 426 | ||
Privacy Concerns | 426 | ||
Technology as a Factor for Successful Longevity | 427 | ||
Conclusions | 428 | ||
Acknowledgment | 429 | ||
References | 429 | ||
21 Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies for Late-Life Mood and Anxiety Disorders | 434 | ||
Introduction | 435 | ||
Late-Life Depression | 435 | ||
Epidemiology of Late-Life Depression | 435 | ||
Sociodemographic Risk Factors for Depression | 436 | ||
Sex | 436 | ||
Race | 436 | ||
Biological and Clinical Risk Factors for Depression | 437 | ||
The Inter-relationship Between Cardiovascular Disease, Dementia, and Depression | 437 | ||
Disability | 438 | ||
Psychosocial Risk Factors for Depression | 439 | ||
Social Support | 439 | ||
Bereavement | 440 | ||
Late-Life Anxiety Disorders | 441 | ||
Epidemiology of Late-Life Anxiety Disorders | 441 | ||
Risk Factors for Late-Life Anxiety Disorders | 441 | ||
Late-Life Co-Existing Mood and Anxiety Disorders | 442 | ||
Epidemiology of Late-Life Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders | 442 | ||
Characteristics of Co-existing Mood–Anxiety Disorders | 442 | ||
Risk Factors for Late-Life Suicide and Suicidal Behavior | 442 | ||
Detection, Treatment, and Management | 444 | ||
Conclusion | 445 | ||
References | 446 | ||
22 Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders | 454 | ||
Late-Life Sleep and Sleep Disorders Normal Late-Life Sleep | 455 | ||
Epidemiology of Sleep Disorders in Late Life | 455 | ||
Insomnia | 455 | ||
Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder | 456 | ||
Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 456 | ||
Assessment | 457 | ||
Main Methods of Sleep Assessment | 457 | ||
Subjective Assessments | 457 | ||
Objective Assessments | 457 | ||
Sleep Disorders | 458 | ||
Insomnia | 458 | ||
Development | 458 | ||
Major Theories | 458 | ||
Risk Factors for Late-Life Insomnia | 459 | ||
Comorbidities | 459 | ||
Social and Behavioral Changes | 459 | ||
Cognition | 459 | ||
Socioeconomic Status | 459 | ||
Hypnotic Dependence | 459 | ||
Special Populations | 460 | ||
Assessment | 460 | ||
Interventions | 460 | ||
Pharmacological | 460 | ||
Psychological | 461 | ||
Psychological and Pharmacological Approaches Combined | 461 | ||
CBT-I and Hypnotic Reduction | 461 | ||
Advanced Sleep Phase Disorder | 462 | ||
Development | 462 | ||
Major Theories | 462 | ||
Assessment | 463 | ||
Interventions | 463 | ||
Sleep-Disordered Breathing | 464 | ||
Development | 464 | ||
Type—OSA Versus Central Sleep Apnea | 464 | ||
Risk Factors | 464 | ||
Assessment | 464 | ||
Intervention | 464 | ||
Expectancies Regarding Interventions and Outcomes in Older Adults | 465 | ||
Evidence-Based Treatments | 465 | ||
Does CBT-I Work for Older Adults? | 465 | ||
Treatment for Comorbid Insomnia in Older Adults? | 465 | ||
Treatment of Comorbid Apnea and Insomnia? | 466 | ||
Caregiver Involvement and Treatment | 466 | ||
Dementia Patients and Caregivers | 466 | ||
Conclusions and Future Directions | 467 | ||
References | 468 | ||
23 Psychosocial Interventions for Older Adults with Dementia and Their Caregivers | 472 | ||
Introduction | 473 | ||
Person-Centered Interventions | 474 | ||
Rationale and Theory | 474 | ||
Studies | 474 | ||
PA Interventions | 474 | ||
Rationale and Theory | 474 | ||
Studies | 488 | ||
Caregiver Training Interventions | 488 | ||
Rationale and Theory | 488 | ||
Studies | 488 | ||
Emotion-Focused Interventions | 489 | ||
Rationale and Theory | 489 | ||
Studies | 489 | ||
Social Enhancement | 489 | ||
Rationale and Theory | 489 | ||
Studies | 489 | ||
Translation and Implementation of Psychosocial Approaches | 489 | ||
Discussion | 491 | ||
References | 493 | ||
24 The Psychology of Death and Dying in Later Life | 500 | ||
Introduction | 500 | ||
Part 1: Secular, Technological Influences on Understanding and Experiencing Death and Dying in Later Life | 501 | ||
Part 2: Individual Expectations and Fears about Dying, Including Empirical, Data, Clinical Practices, and Proposed Policy C ... | 502 | ||
Physical Symptoms | 506 | ||
Psychological Symptoms | 506 | ||
Economic Demands and Caregiver Needs | 507 | ||
Social Relationships and Support | 507 | ||
Spiritual/Existential Beliefs | 507 | ||
Hopes and Expectations | 507 | ||
Part 3: Bereavement, Grief, and Mourning in Contemporary Society | 508 | ||
Some Introductory Material | 508 | ||
Conclusion | 512 | ||
References | 512 | ||
Author Index | 516 | ||
Subject Index | 540 |